Resistance to carbamate and pyrethroid insecticides ( 45, 167, 171, 185, 209, 261, 284), and, more recently, to the organophosphates ( 171, 284), has been well documented for both species. Various factors have been postulated to be responsible for the resurgence. The involvement of these two species makes the ascertainment of the reasons for this global resurgence more challenging. What is particularly confounding about the resurgence is that it involves two species: the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., and the tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus F. Relative hits from the United States by state to the website as determined by Google Analytics, 6 June 2011 to 2 November 2011, based on 18,672 hits ( 134). In addition to homes and hotels, infestations are appearing in the office and retail environment, in the health and transport sectors, and in cinemas in fact, they can be found in almost any location where people sleep or sit ( 103). Thus, bed bugs have rapidly become a widespread societal pest, and the risk of exposure through normal daily life appears to be increasing. Data from New York City showed that the number of bed bug complaints to the city council rose from 537 in 2004 to 10,985 in 2009 ( 43). Despite limitations and potential biases in these data ( Table 1), the information probably represents a moderately accurate indication of the current situation, with the most problematic cities being Chicago, New York, Detroit, Cincinnati, and Philadelphia ( Table 1 and Fig. However, two of the largest pest control firms in the United States have released information on the most affected cities, based on the numbers of bed bug treatments undertaken by their respective companies, and this information corresponds well to hits on a dedicated bed bug website ( ). Currently, there is no peer-reviewed published data on the actual prevalence of bed bug infestations across the United States. Bed bugs have become especially problematic in the United States, being reported in all 50 states now, an estimated 1 out of 5 Americans either has had a bed bug infestation in their home or knows someone who has encountered them ( 220).
#DAY OF DEFEAT SOURCE SNIPER BUG PROFESSIONAL#
A survey of Australian professional pest managers in 2006 indicated that numbers of infestations rose by over 4,500% in the early years of the 21st century ( 102), comparable to what has been seen in other parts of the world ( 189, 246, 254). Not only was the reappearance of this pest unexpected, but the degree of the resurgence has almost been met with awe by many in the pest management industry. This rise in activity is truly a global event, with increases in numbers of infestations reported for the Americas ( 153, 238, 246), Australia ( 99, 102, 104), Europe ( 37, 44, 170, 196, 232, 254), Asia ( 145, 149, 177, 282, 284), and Africa ( 227).Īlthough bed bugs have a long association with humans, for a period from the 1950s to almost the start of the 21st century, this pest had become relatively uncommon, particularly in the more economically advantaged nations.
In recent years, bed bugs have undergone a major resurgence in the number of infestations, leading to clinical and control problems. For accommodation providers, risk management procedures should be implemented to reduce the potential of bed bug infestations. The control of bed bugs is challenging and should encompass a multidisciplinary approach utilizing nonchemical means of control and the judicious use of insecticides. The misuse of chemicals and other technologies for controlling bed bugs has the potential to have a deleterious impact on human health, while the insect itself can be the cause of significant psychological trauma. Anemia may result when bed bugs are numerous, and their allergens can trigger asthmatic reactions. Over 40 pathogens have been detected in bed bugs, but there is no definitive evidence that they transmit any disease-causing organisms to humans. Often, bites occur in lines along the limbs. If bed bugs are numerous, the patient can present with widespread urticaria or eythematous rashes.
Occasionally, bullous eruptions may result. Cutaneous reactions may occur and can start out as small macular lesions that can develop into distinctive wheals of around 5 cm in diameter, which are accompanied by intense itching. These bed bugs are blood-sucking insects that readily bite humans. Summary: Since the late 1990s, bed bugs of the species Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus have undergone a worldwide resurgence.
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